The Diamond Zone Into the Mantle Part 1

The Earths mantle is so deep down, weve never been able to drill through the crust to sample it. We have only indirect ways of learning about it. This is a different kind of geology than most people know about. Its like studying a car engine without being able to open the hood, but we do have some actual samples from down there. You know that a diamond is a hard, dense form of pure carbon. Physically there is no harder substance, but chemically speaking, diamonds are pretty fragile. More precisely, diamond is a metastable mineral at surface conditions. The experiment shows us that it cannot form except under conditions found at least 150 kilometers deep in the mantle beneath ancient continents. Take them a little above those depths, and diamonds swiftly turn to graphite. At the surface, they can endure in our gentle environment, but not anywhere between here and their deep birthplace. Diamond Eruptions Well, the reason we have diamonds is that they cross that distance quickly, in just a day or so, in very peculiar eruptions. Aside from impacts from outer space, these eruptions are probably the most unexpected occurrences on Earth. Certain magmas at extreme depths find an opening and rush upward, burrowing through various rocks as they go. Carbon dioxide gas comes out of solution as the magma rises, exactly like soda fizzing, and when the magma finishes puncturing the crust, it explodes into the air at several hundred meters per second. Weve never witnessed a diamond eruption; the most recent one, in the Ellendale Diamond Field, seems to have been in Australia in the Miocene, some 20 million years ago. Geologically speaking, they have been rare for about a billion years ago. We know about them from the bottomless plugs of solidified mantle rock that they leave behind, called kimberlites and lamproites, or just diamond pipes. Some of these are found in Arkansas, in Wisconsin, and in Wyoming, among other places around the world with very old continental crust. Inclusions and Xenoliths A diamond with a speck inside it, worthless to the jeweler, is a treasure to the geologist. That speck, an inclusion, is often a pristine specimen of the mantle, and our tools are good enough to extract lots of data from it. Some kimberlites, we have learned in the last two decades, deliver diamonds that appear to have come from 700 kilometers and deeper, below the upper mantle entirely. The evidence lies in the inclusions, where minerals are preserved that can only form at these unheard-of depths. Also, along with diamonds come other exotic chunks of mantle rock. These rocks are called xenoliths, a great Scrabble word that means stranger-stone in scientific Greek. What xenolith studies tell us, briefly, is that kimberlites and lamproites come from very old seafloor. Pieces of ocean crust from 2 and 3 billion years ago, pulled beneath the continents of the time by subduction, have sat down there for over a billion years. That crust and its water and sediments and carbon have simmered into a high-pressure stew, a red-hot broth that, in diamond pipes, burps back up to the surface like the taste of last nights tamales. The seafloor has been subducting beneath the continents for almost as far back in time as we can tell, but diamond pipes are so rare, it must be that almost all subducted crust is digested in the mantle.

Lifelong Changes Necessary for Diabetes Mellitus - 1751 Words

Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. It’s a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, of insulin resistance, or both. It is a major public health problem worldwide and also a leading cause of new cases of blindness, end stage kidney disease, and foot or leg amputation. 3 General classifications of Diabetes Mellitus are: type 1 and type and Gestational. 1. Identify and compare risk factors for Type 1 and Type II DM (NIDDM, IDDM). Type 1 Diabetes is an insulin deficiency. The pancreas is not producing insulin at all. Idiopathic, and autoimmune. Risk factors for this disease include: A sibling with type 1 diabetes, apparent with type 1 diabetes, and being Caucasian. Type II diabetes is an insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. The pancreas still produces some insulin but it’s not enough. Risk factors for type II diabetes are: Having a family history of the disease, being overweight, secondary lifestyle, not exercising regularly, having a low high-density lipoprotein, or high triglycerides, having a gestational diabetes during pregnancy, also African American,Hispanic/Latino American, Native American, or Asian American/Pacific Islander. 2. Discuss pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type II DM. Identify and compare the signs and symptoms of type I and type II DM. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic illness characterized by the body’s inability toShow MoreRelated Diabetes Mellitus Essay examples1745 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes mellitus (DM) or simply diabetes, is a chronic health condition in which the body either fails to produce the amount of insulin needed or it responds inadequately to the insulin secreted by the pancreas. The three primary types of diabetes are: Diabetes Type 1 and 2, and during some pregnancies, Gestational diabetes. The clichà © for all three types of diabetes is high glucose blood levels or hyperglycemia. The pathophysiology of all types of diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulinRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus ( Iddm )1369 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus In the pancreas, there are specialized cells that form small islands of cells, called islets of Langerhans, that are alpha cells and beta cells. In these endocrine cells, they release pancreatic hormones, such as insulin and glucagon that diffuse into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels. Beta cells secretes insulin, which regulates carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism and storage. On the other hand, alpha cells secrete glucagon, in which it breaks down stored sugar (glycogenolysis)Read MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Diseases That Affect Your Body Uses Blood Sugar1601 Words   |  7 Pages2056 FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Annabelle Anglo 03/17/2015 According to Mayo Clinic, â€Å"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it s an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It s also your brain s main source of fuel.† (Mayo Clinic, 2005) Diabetes Mellitus has 3 types: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1Read MoreTypes Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus1713 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1711 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead More Diabetes Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabeticsRead MoreHealthy Food Is Vital On Our Daily Lives1709 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant distances or paying exorbitant prices for overripe fruit and inadequate â€Å"fresh† vegetables. Followed by all these burdens, there is no surprise that these low income unprivileged communities have the highest prevailing risks of obesity, diabetes, and all other preventable food relating deficiencies. Without access to healthy foods there is the absence of a nutritious diet and good health care is out of re ach. Also, in the absence of grocery stores and other retailers, these communities areRead MoreTeaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus1897 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus Teaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus Bonny York Jacksonville University Nursing 342 October 10 2011 Teaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus 1 The Identified Learning Need Patients with diabetes have very comprhensive learning needs. The learning needs are focused on managing their glucose levels and preventing complications of diabetes. Learning needsRead MorePatients With Newly Diagnosed Hypothyroidism And Their Caregiver1107 Words   |  5 PagesPatient education. FNP needs to educate patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism and their caregiver if necessary in regards to its disease process, side effect of medications, importance of compliance and follow up. Hypothyroidism is often a lifelong condition and therefore it is important to counsel the patient at the point of diagnosis (Roe, 2015). Taking L-thyroxine is the main treatment mechanism; therefore, medication compliance is the one of the most important part in education. TheRead MoreThe General Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Essay3167 Words   |  13 PagesA person suffer from diabetes mellitus has high blood sugar if left untreated. Explain diabetes, blindness and kidney failure Diabetes Definition and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus. Nowadays many people, especially in the developed nations though not solely, suffer from diabetes. American Diabetes Association (2014) had studied that diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders and which reveal themselves by causing problems in insulin action/-secretion or both and results

Server farms Essay Example For Students

Server farms Essay Linux Clusters and Server FarmsA server farm is a group of computers which share the load of performing a particular task, such as serving up a website. A cluster, on the other hand, is a group of computers which function as a single computer. Unlike the situation with SMP, in these cases each processor has its own RAM, hard disks and so on, eliminating congestion on these resources. On the other hand, communication between the different CPUs must take place via the network instead of directly through RAM, which is very slow by comparison. So server farms or clusters only offer a significant advantage if only small amounts of data need to be transferred between the component processors. Another very important advantage is that this configuration is very scaleable. You can add more nodes to the group to increase performance. In fact many clusters start off smaller, then grow as more machines are added. Another advantage is that the nodes are not necessarily all the same. Thus you can start with a cluster of PIIIs and then add some Alpha servers to beef up the system. Although a greater variety of hardware means more maintenance, it also means you dont have to throw anything away. One interesting example of this is the Stone Soupercomputer, which is entirely made up of donated computers ranging from 486-DX2s to Alpha servers. There are a many kinds of clusters or server farms used with Linux. Round-Robin DNSOne of the most common configurations, normally used for webservers, is to have several identical servers having different IP addresses, and letting the DNS provide a different IP address each time that a remote computer requests the address of the domain name. In this case there is no communication between the individual servers, nor is there any form of load balancing between them. If you have five computers, the first request will go to the first computer, the second request to the second computer and so on.

The Language Of Oppression Essays - Discrimination, Santha Rama Rau

The Language Of Oppression In Haig Bosmajian's essay, The Language of Oppression, he speaks of the value of a name. To receive a name is to be elevated to the status of a human being; without a name one's identity is questionable. A human being is defined by his name. Without a name no one knows who he is, for he has no identity. However, a name can also be used as a curse. Language can lead to the dehumanization of human beings and can ultimately lead to their extermination. As Bosmajian says, Just as our thoughts affect our language, so does our language affect out thoughts and eventually our actions and behavior. When the Nazis took over the Jewish population, they were only able to accomplish this through the use of oppressive language. They re-named Jews as bacilli, parasites, disease, demon, and plague. Because of the implementation of these names, people began to believe the Nazis, and the extermination of six million human beings was viewed as a Final solution. Language affects all aspects of our lives . Language and names can inspire us and motivate us but can also belittle us. As Stokely Carmichael said, ...people who can define are masters. When a person is given the power to change one's name and identity and to define, they are given the powers of a master, and therefore are seen as a leader. Bosmajian wants this oppressive language to stop. He wants the belittlement of humans, caused by their differences, to cease. Clearly, the only way to do this is to rebel against the use of these words and eliminate the categories they create. Santha Rama Rau illustrates Bosmajian's point in her essay, By Any Other Name. She speaks of her experience, as a little girl, going to school for the first time at an Anglo-Indian school. This experience changed her life and she shares it with us as a lesson about the labeling and naming of a human, and how it can dehumanize an entire culture. On the first day of school, her sister and herself were given new pretty English names. Her sister, Premila, was given the name Pamela, and Santha was given the name, Cynthia. At that moment, Santha saw herself as two different people. She felt that having a new name made her a new person, and when she was being called this name, she had no responsibilities. She was told to sit in the back of the class with all the other Indian children. At recess, she realized that all the Indian children were separated from the English children. While she ate her traditional Indian food, the other Indian children ate sandwiches. These assimilated Indian children wore English attire, yet couldn't eat with the English children. She did not last for more than a week in this school, because her sister came into her class on e day and told her to gather up her things because they were going home for good. Later she discovered that the teacher caused her sister's actions. They were given a test and she was told, along with all the other Indian children, to sit at the back of the class with a desk between each of them. The teacher said, it was because Indians cheat. Because the teacher called Indians cheaters, Premila felt less civilized. She did not believe this label that was thrown at her, and her beliefs are what made her leave the school. This generalized labeling of the Indian culture hurt Premila and Santha very much, and this is an example that supports Bosmajian's theory. Names can be used to dehumanize, and separate human beings. Santha was just a child, but she clearly understood that they way all the Indian children were treated was not right. Santha's sister acted exactly the way Bosmajian wishes more people would. He wishes for those who find themselves being defined into subjugation to rebel against such linguistic suppression. There are many writers that support Bosmajian's thoughts on the use of names and labeling. One of these writers is Sydney J. Harris who wrote a column for the Chicago Sun-Times called, We Read the Label but Ignore the Jars Contents. In this column, he