Dude, your a Fag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fella, your a Fag - Essay Example Pascoe managed the issues of racial decent variety in an exceptionally fragile way while coming to her meaningful conclusion. This is trailed by a clarification of the importance of obligatory heterosexuality in the talk of manliness. Pascoe adequately features the assault culture while disclosing how young men will in general getaway the phantom of being a fag. Pasco then features and looks at the part of manliness between two gatherings of young ladies. The primary gathering is that of gay-straight political little youngsters and the other gathering is that of muscle heads that may frequently be seen playing ball that speak to the hip-bounce culture and are commonly dark. Numerous young ladies having a place with the subsequent classification are lesbians. The famous b-ball young ladies will in general be increasingly manly in their activities and conduct when contrasted with the GSA young ladies that would prefer to research such standards. With this, Pascoe presumes that manlines s fits great with the young ladies who venture man centric standards. At long last, Pascoe recommends a few strategies that would expand the mindfulness and resilience of the secondary school the executives towards the sex assorted variety and articulation of sexuality. Therefore, they would be in a situation to limit provocation of gay understudies, innocent young men and other female understudies in the secondary schools.

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892

The Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 The Homestead Strike, a work stoppageâ at Carnegie Steels plant at Homestead, Pennsylvania, transformed into one of the most savage scenes in the American work battles of the late 1800s. An arranged control of the plant transformed into a bleeding fight when many men from the Pinkerton Detective Agency traded gunfire with laborers and townspeople along the banks of the Monongahela River. In an astonishing turn, strikers caught various Pinkertons when the strikebreakers had to give up. The fight on July 6, 1892 finished with a détente, and the arrival of detainees. In any case, the state volunteer army showed up seven days after the fact to settle things for the organization. What's more, after fourteen days a rebel insulted by the conduct of Henry Clay Frick, the eagerly hostile to work director of Carnegie Steel, attempted to kill Frick in his office. Despite the fact that shot twice, Frick endure. Other work associations had energized to the safeguard of the association at Homestead, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. What's more, for a period popular assessment appeared to favor the laborers. However, the endeavored death of Frick, and the association of a known rebel, was utilized to ruin the work development. At long last, the administration of Carnegie Steel won. Foundation of the Homestead Plant Labor Problems In 1883 Andrew Carnegieâ bought the Homestead Works, a steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, east of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River. The plant, which had been centered around delivering steel rails for railways, was changed and modernized under Carnegies proprietorship to create steel plate, which could be utilized for creation of reinforced boats. Carnegie,â known for uncanny business premonition, had gotten perhaps the most extravagant man in America, outperforming the abundance of prior tycoons, for example, John Jacob Astor and Cornelius Vanderbilt. Under Carnegies bearing, the Homestead plant continued extending, and the town of Homestead, which had around 2,000 occupants in 1880, when the plant previously opened, developed to a populace of around 12,000 out of 1892. Around 4,000 laborers were utilized at the steel plant. The association speaking to laborers at the Homestead plant, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, had marked an agreement with Carnegies organization in 1889. The agreement was set to terminate on July 1, 1892. Carnegie, and particularly his colleague Henry Clay Frick, needed to break the association. There has consistently been considerableâ dispute about the amount Carnegie knew about the heartless strategies Frick wanted to utilize. At the hour of the 1892 strike, Carnegie was at an extravagant home he possessed in Scotland. However, it appears, in view of letters the men traded, that Carnegie was completely mindful of Fricks strategies. The Beginning of the Homestead Strike In 1891 Carnegie started to consider decreasing wages at the Homestead plant, and when his organization held gatherings with the Amalgamated association in the spring of 1892 the organization educated the association that it would be cutting wages at the plant. Carnegie likewise composed a letter, before he left for Scotland in April 1892, which demonstrated that he planned to make Homestead a non-association plant. In late May, Henry Clay Frick trained the organization moderators to educate the association that wages were being decreased. The association would not acknowledge the proposition, which the organization said was non-debatable. In late June 1892, Frick had open notification posted inâ the town of Homestead illuminating patrons that since the association had dismissed the companys offer, the organization would have nothing to do with the association. Furthermore, to additionally incite the association, Frick started development of what was being called Fort Frick. Tall wall were developed around the plant, beat with security fencing. The aim of the blockades and spiked metal was self-evident: Frick expected to bolt out the association and get scabs, non-association laborers. The Pinkertons Attempted to Invade Homestead The evening of July 5, 1892, roughly 300 Pinkerton specialists showed up in western Pennsylvania via train and boarded two flatboats which had been supplied with several guns and rifles just as regalia. The canal boats were towed onâ the Monongahela River to Homestead, where Frick accepted the Pinkertonsâ could land undetected in the night. Posts saw the canal boats coming and alarmed the laborers in Homestead, who dashed to the riverbank. At the point when the Pinkertons attempted to land at day break, several townspeople, some of them outfitted with weapons going back to the Civil War, were pausing. It was never figured out who discharged the primary fired, however a firearm fight broke out. Men were slaughtered and injured on the two sides, and the Pinkertons were nailed down on the scows, with no way out conceivable. For the duration of the day of July 6, 1892, townspeople of Homestead attempted to assault the freight ships, in any event, siphoning oil into the stream trying to set flames on the water. At long last, late toward the evening, a portion of the association chiefs persuaded the townspeople to allow the Pinkertons to give up. As the Pinkertons left the canal boats to stroll to a nearby drama house, where they would be held until the neighborhood sheriff could come and capture them, townspeople tossed blocks at them. Some Pinkertons were beaten. The sheriff showed up that night and evacuated the Pinkertons, however none of them were captured or prosecuted for homicide, as the townspeople had requested. Papers had been covering the emergency for quite a long time, however the updates on the savagery caused a buzz when it moved rapidly over the message wires. Paper releases were hurried out with frightening records of the showdown. The New York Evening World distributed a unique additional version with the feature: AT WAR: Pinkertons and Workers Fight at Homestead. Six steelworkers had been killed in the battling, and would be covered in the next days. As the individuals in Homestead held memorial services, Henry Clay Frick, in a paper meet, reported that he would have no dealings with the association. Henry Clay Frick Was Shot After a month, Henry Clay Frick was in his office in Pittsburgh and a youngster came to see him, professing to speak to an organization that could flexibly substitution laborers. The guest to Frick was really a Russian rebel, Alexander Berkman, who had been living in New York City and who had no association with the association. Berkman constrained his way into Fricks office and shot him twice, almost slaughtering him. Frick endure the death endeavor, however the occurrence was utilized to ruin the association and the American work development by and large. The occurrence turned into an achievement in U.S. work history, alongside the Haymarket Riot and the 1894 Pullman Strike. Carnegie Succeeded in Keeping the Union Out of His Plants The Pennsylvania civilian army (like todays National Guard) assumed control over the Homestead Plant and non-association strikebreakers were acquired to work. In the long run, with the association broken, a large number of the first specialists came back to the plant. Pioneers of the association were indicted, yet juries in western Pennsylvania neglected to convict them. While the viciousness had been going on in western Pennsylvania, Andrew Carnegie had been off in Scotland, staying away from the press at his bequest. Carnegie would later guarantee that he had little to do with the savagery at Homestead, yet his cases were met with distrust, and his notoriety for being a reasonable boss and altruist was extraordinarily discolored. Also, Carnegie succeeded in keeping associations out of his plants.

Project-based Learning What It Is and How It Benefits Students

Project-based Learning What It Is and How It Benefits Students (11) Project-based learning has proven to be one of the most effective ways to engage students and provide a practical application for what they’re learning.  Rachelle Dene Poth shares her insights into what project-based learning looks like, and how it helps students master key skills as they complete each project. Read on for some tips and helpful information! Project-based learning (PBL) is something that I have been trying to integrate into my classes more over the past few years. I started thinking about alternate ways to enable students to: produce authentic assessments, create and study something that was interesting and engaging for them, and provide some real-world learning experiences. Project-based learning not only provides opportunities for students to collaborate or drive their own learning, but it also teaches them skills such as problem solving, and helps to develop additional skills integral to their future, such as critical thinking and time management. And maybe more importantly, it provides students with an opportunity to create authentic projects which are personal and meaningful to them. Students have the chance to pursue their own interests and as a result, opportunities for learning for students and teachers are tremendous. SUPPORTING ALL STUDENTS As a foreign language teacher, I need to assess my students in a variety of ways on a regular basis. As we all know, not every person learns the same way or has the same interests. In terms of assessment, some students can learn the material really well, but when a traditional test is given, their information and knowledge somehow disappears. When this first happened in my classes, I began looking more at ways to assess my studentsâ€"but to provide assessments which led to more authentic and personalized work. I wanted to provide an equal opportunity for students to achieve success in showing what they know (and can do) with the information that they have learned. A great way to do this is through project-based learning. There are an increasing number of tools available for use in the classroom that enable students to have a choice and be creative, while also learning valuable technology skills for their future. These tools give students options for showing what it is they have learned and can do with the material, but in a way that is comfortable and relevant and meets their interests and needs. Most importantly, the students have choices and this makes a huge difference. BENEFITS OF USING DIGITAL TOOLS FOR PBL The options provide students with a variety of choices for showing their creativity, make learning more meaningful, and students become more engaged in what they are doing. Students can focus on an area of personal interest and decide how to show what they have learned and can do, in a way that is meaningful and engaging. Many tools are available, both on the web and as apps, that serve to engage, motivate, and inspire students to learn more. The benefit of using web tools for PBL is twofold. First, students can create something vibrant, engaging, and meaningful because they have chosen their area of interest, put their personal touches on it and, as a result, attach the content material with what they have created. They then retain the information better because they have created something for a real world experience. It also teaches them the vital technology skills that they need moving forward, and gives them skills that can be used in other classes, and for their future. Learning to create multimedia presentations, to problem solve, think critically, quickly access resources, and communicate with others helps to empower students, and give them more control in their learning and growth process. We want to empower our students in their learning. PAPER OR DIGITAL, PBL BENEFITS EVERYONE There are many options available for implementing and producing evidence of project-based learning, whether it be in the traditional paper format style or through technology. Either way, giving students the opportunity to create a project to evidence their learning is beneficial. It not only leads to authentic products and meets the students where they are, but also gives them an opportunity to express themselves in unique ways, because it is more personalized and pertinent to their needs and interests. PBL leads to a more student-centered classroom and provides opportunities for students to learn from one another. It also enables the teacher to become more of a facilitator, and in addition to learning about the students, it reinforces the student-centered classroom, where students are empowered in their learning.

Know the Structure of Education from Early Years to Post...

Schools As Organisations Know the structure of education from early years to post compulsory education Task 1 An education provides people not only with the academic skills required, but also the social skills such as having the self confidence and belief in ones self to achieve a fulfilling and happy life. It is every child’s human right to receive such an education from early years to higher, and therefore several stages in which they must travel for this to happen. Early Years Education The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a structure in place for the learning and development of children from birth to five years old, for which all schools and early years providers must follow. The purpose of the EYFS is to allow†¦show more content†¦The funding mainly comes from school fees and income from investments, gifts and charities. The building and land is owned by the governing body, and as many of these schools have charitable status they would be tax exempt. They will set their own admission policy and curriculum through the governing body and head teacher. (L/O 1.2) Academies Initially a school had to source funding of  £2 million from businesses, charities or faith bodies to become an academy, however this requirement changed in 2010. The Government decided to allow any school within England the chance to achieve academy status with the involvement of the local community. An academy is obliged to follow the National Curriculum, but has certain freedom around its delivery. Its funding comes from central government rather than the LEA, which would be at the same level per pupil as a maintained school. This allows the academy to choose how their budget is spent in a way that’s most beneficial to its students. (L/O 1.2) Key Stages and Areas of Study As previously mentioned, children from the age of 5 to 16 who are educated in a maintained school must be taught the National Curriculum. This sets out the key stages and core subjects they will follow throughout their time at school. Within this framework, schools can plan and organise the way they teach to best meet the needs of theirShow MoreRelatedKnow the Structure of Education from Early Years to Post-Compulsory Education718 Words   |  3 PagesKnow the structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education Before a child reaches school age they are entitled to free early year’s education from the early year’s foundation stage (EYFS). The aim of the EYFS is to ensure that all children under five benefit from a safe, secure and happy environment where they can play and develop, laying the foundation for success with the primary school curriculum. There are 6 key areas the EYFS are trying to combat and they are: 1. PersonalRead More1.2 Explain the Characteristics of the Different Types of Schools in Relation to Educational Stage(S) and School Governance.627 Words   |  3 Pages1. 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Dr RAJENDRA PRASAD DEPT OF EDUCATION KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY By G.RENUKA HALL TICKET NO: 11000E1022 Master of education (1st semister) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (Department of education) KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY WARANGAL A.P, INDIA S NO | CONTENTS | PG NO | 01 | INTRODUCTION | 03 | 02 | Meaning and nature of teacher education | 03 | 03 | Teacher education after post

Uuhujsdkkd - 1008 Words

Louise Gonzales Legacies of Historical Globalization – Hand In Assignments 1) How does the map on p.144 of Exploring Globalization demonstrate the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence? Explain using examples. The map demonstrates the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence because it represents the European Imperialism and Europe’s scramble for empire. European Imperialism contributed to the spread of science, religion, philosophy, and technology - which originated from Europe -, to the countries it colonized. During the 17th and 18th centuries Europeans were very competitive with one another. Each nationality wanted to be bigger and better than the others. They†¦show more content†¦At the southern tip of the country, the Boers and British are fighting for control of the area that they both want. The artist of the cartoon, has given it a negative connotation. The leaders of each country are acting greedy and avaricious by yanking on the edges of the continent that they want for themselves. It almost looks like they are going to tear apart the country if they do not let up on their actions. The artist of the cartoon has a point with this image. These Europ ean countries did essentially tear apart the continent. Within twenty years, nearly the entire African continent was possessed by European powers. As they stole, killed and destroyed to get a hold of more than their neighbors back home, these powers gave little thought and consideration to the varieties of peoples who already inhabited the land. It was truly a mad grab for more and more land. Among the powers grabbing for land, the British came out on top possessing most of the South, East and significant areas in the North, but there was an unusual player in this Imperial game who managed to receive nearly the whole center of Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the Congo and began a reign of terror that lasted at least forty years. 3) A. On p145 of Exploring Globalization three speakers discuss how Imperialism has affected their countries. Read their opinions in your own words, summarize each of the speakers’ points on the view on the legacy

A year had departed since that fatal day Free Essays

Everyday I pathologically relived those agonizing memories every detail had been scrutinized while sat in this chair being handed chipped mugs of luke warm instant coffee in return for reassurance that I was still present in this empty and hollow world. I never responded; there was no point, but they gained their reassurance from my deep laboured breathing and went away content. I’d never enlightened anyone as to my thoughts, my inner most feelings; I had no one to trust. We will write a custom essay sample on A year had departed since that fatal day or any similar topic only for you Order Now How could I trust them they held out their hand and pulled me back from that cliff top, the only place I felt comfortable. They said they would help me. Instead they gave me a room full of memories; an environment where my goal was unattainable, and concluded for themselves a reason â€Å"why† based on half truths and other peoples opinions. â€Å"He can’t cope, poor chap† was a common phrase for gods sake I wasn’t coping, I was planning. They had people come to sit with me on a Tuesday. All kinds of people: young, old, professional, dole fraudsters, priests. Sometimes a familiar person would come and sit beside me who’d talk at me and I wouldn’t force myself to listen. Sometimes my ears would pick up as they talked about people who I’d known and things I’d done. I couldn’t remember them but they made sense. I never acknowledged them and they left soon after, shaking their heads and having a conference in the corridor at my expense. I only trusted one person, and she was unreachable. This day had felt different from the outset; something had unbalanced my routine and my usual blueprint of thought. I awoke a little earlier and glared around my room, my cage. This was not my home; it was a prison for my thoughts. I ambled my way to the lounge; it was an unsettling place, not pleasant like my lounge at home. Our lounge at home. Our home that was. Instead it was a mild form of hell. I regained my territorial seat near the window and blocked out all the bawls and whimpers from my surroundings and stared aimlessly out onto the main road. It was morning rush hour and as my eyes filled and discharged, the lights of this dreary winter morning mingled from one colour to another. I saw the box of tissues resting on the sideboard, their miserable attempt at making this unfamiliar room more homely, but I didn’t reach for them. I could have looked round to see what was going on, but I knew. I heard the cries, the crashes, the screams of restraint and the eerie silence that followed. I knew that it was soon to be accompanied by the sound of glass being swept, the tinkling like a wind chime blowing softly in the humid Barbados breeze of my honeymoon. Our honeymoon. Sat on the beach sipping cocktails and each night making passionate love in the most luxurious apartment in town. It was a happy thought I know but instead it drew a tear. I stepped back into my world. Each day was identical. But not this day, today was a year since that horrendous day. The day I repeat in my head over and over, that I couldn’t escape from if I wanted to. But I didn’t want to, I didn’t want to escape from it, for escaping would be forgetting and I couldn’t lose the pressures memories we had. Memories were all I have now. Nobody knew why I sat here looking at this road. Just as well because if they did they wouldn’t allow it. It was a constant reminder. Most days I would see the same white Astra with the same dinted bonnet and cracked bumper, pass over the same spot it did a year ago today. Some days it would be late but it would nearly always be there. Sometimes I would see it on an evening, the new haphazardly applied â€Å"Kill Your Speed† sticker strategically on the rear bumper. It would always slow for the crossing. The driver always slowed for the crossing, but he hadn’t one day. Maybe one was enough for him. Maybe he knew next time he wouldn’t get off so lightly. They let me out, but I didn’t want to go. â€Å"The door is open,† they said, sure it was open but I wasn’t going to pass through it. I could see the world from the 4th story lounge the windows were sealed shut. Shame, it would have been quick and painless, but not part of the plan. It was 9am; she would have been on her way to work now. I would normally give her a lift, but not that day. That day she wanted to walk. A final goodbye kiss accompanied by a waving hand as she disappeared round the corner, the distinctive clicking of her heals disappearing. My house was just around the corner from here. Our house. Not anymore. My things had been put into storage and my landscaped garden has been bulldozed for a square of low maintenance turf. It was nearly time to meet her. I got up from my seat and wandered to my room. I rummaged round my bedside draw until I found my key. It glinted in the light like a precious jewel. Some would say it looked sinister, but it was the only way I could join her, and I had made a promise so I had to keep it. I walked out of the room; out of the door and down the four flights of steps to the ground. There was no need to rush, by the time they had noticed, I’d have crossed over. I walked out of the suburbs until the houses thinned and the city life died away behind me. I passed under the neatly trimmed fern archway and into the grassy pastures where I knew I would find her. I’d only been here once before but I knew my way. When I reached where she lived now, I sat down. The ground was cold. I put my hand in my pocket and reached for my key. I watched with intent as I ran the cold metal down the un-weathered skin of my inner left arm. It tingled slightly. I placed the key back in my pocket and lay down, my left arm on the concrete. I closed my eyes and remembered how it had happened; as I waited for the ice to thaw on the car windows I heard the screech of the brakes and the heart wrenching scream. I remembered how I had dropped the ice scraper and run along the snow dusted path to the crossing. I remembered how I had looked for her as I ran calling her name louder with each step. I remembered seeing the windscreen of a white Astra smeared with red blood, and now in front if it she had lay there helplessly. No one had tried to help. I remembered how I had flopped to my knees and gazed into her eyes as she breathed slower and slower. How the sirens wailed in the background. How I had scooped her head in my arms, her long hair that had been so smartly and expertly tied into a tight bun bound with a red ribbon – ruffled. Her designer jacket that I had bought her for Christmas – ripped. I remember how she gazed back and pulled my head closer to hers and whispered â€Å"I’m not going to make it, am I?† I remembered how I had croaked back the tears and told her â€Å"Wherever you go, I go. I can’t live without you† She smiled back at me, a tear rolled down her face and she whispered, â€Å"I don’t want to leave you. God please don’t let me†¦.† She gasped for breath but breath didn’t come. She held me tight, looked at me as another tear rolled down her cheek and was accompanied by two of mine. â€Å"I love you. Iâ€⠄¢ll be with you soon† I had said. She nodded and closed her eyes. Her arms relaxed and fell from around me. I had ran back to the house, fumbled at the lock with my frozen blood stained hands and grabbed the knife from the drawer. I had ran back to where she was. I can’t have been longer then thirty seconds but by the time I got there all that was left was a pool of blood. An ambulance wailed down the street, taking her away from me. The knife had already cut into my wrist and that’s when they pulled me back, that kind faced policeman had robbed me of fulfilling my pact and my promise. I opened my eyes I was here now. I felt weak as the blood poured from my left arm onto the cold gravestone. I looked at her name and the faded flowers that her parents had painted onto the headstone. My eyes felt heavy but as my life flowed out onto her final resting place, the closest I could be to her, I could see her walking towards me. Her hair expertly tied in a tight bun bound with a red ribbon. The designer jacket I had bought her for Christmas. She reached out a hand and pulled me up. I took one last look back at myself, and followed her. How to cite A year had departed since that fatal day, Papers

Purifying used oil free essay sample

Just a little kitchen experiment I tried. I deep fried some calamari and fish yesterday, along with some french fries. Which is something I do VERY rarely, maybe a couple of times a year. The calamari were done in seasoned flour, the fish were done in batter, while the fries, I must admit, were commercially made frozen shoestrings (only because I had an Ore-Ida coupon and it was double coupon days at a local store, so they were almost free). I got to thinking about all of the used cooking oil. Seemed like a shame to completely waste it. So, doing a little online search, I came upon a method to purify it for reuse. I had about 2 1/2 cups of used canola oil, which had gotten fairly brown by the time I was done doing several batches of deep fried foods, and especially dark after doing the calamari, as the flour comes off when it cooks and burns a bit. We will write a custom essay sample on Purifying used oil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1) Strain the solid residue out of the oil. IF youve cooked something with a lot of fine particles or starch, like flour-coated foods or raw, starchy potatoes, you should actually let the oil sit for a while to allow the fine particles to settle out, and then pour off the oil. 2) When youve removed the solids and particulates, pour an amount of water equal to the volume of oil into a large pot or kettle with deep sides. Pour in your oil. Add about 1/2 teaspoon of salt per quart of total liquid to to the pot. 3) Bring the oil and water mixture to the boil, and then boil it hard for about 5 to 10 minutes. The darker, more scorched, and/or more strongly flavored the oil, the longer you should boil the mixture. BE VERY CAREFUL NOT TO BOIL IT OVER OR TO ALLOW ALL OF THE WATER TO BOIL AWAY (it shouldnt boil away in just a few minutes, unless youre doing a small volume). 4) Remove from the heat, and set aside to settle out. It takes about 10 to 30 minutes for the oil to completely separate and come to the top. 5) Carefully pour the oil/water mixture into a fat separator cup. Pour off the water portion as completely as possible and discard. 6) Put the oil portion back into the deep pot or kettle. Over medium heat, bring to the boil (which for oil is hotter, obviously, than for water. Reduce heat until it is boiling and popping a bit, but slowly. The goal here is to evaporate all of the retained water. When the oil becomes very clear looking and no longer makes ANY sound (no popping or sizzling sounds), has no more bubbles rising, and no more steam comes to the top, its done. 7) Allow to cool, then bottle in an airtight container for reuse. OK the results. It was interesting. The resulting volume of oil I got was very close to the original amount of used frying oil I started with, so I didnt lose much in the process. The color lightened visibly, and quite a bit, but its still darker than what I started with (canola oil, very light in color). The flavor is tolerable, but it still retains just a bit of fishiness. It isnt too burnt tasting. I think it would be fine to use for cooking another batch of seafood and maybe the fries or hushpuppies to go with it, but I wouldnt want to use it for something like fried doughnuts. Now, as to the safety of this method. Well, some carcinogens form, apparently, whenever foods are fried or browned. Not being either a health professional or a food professional, I wouldnt want to make judgments either way like anything, done in limited amounts, would probably be OK. As far as the kitchen safety of this goes, well, anytime you use hot oil, you do need to be careful of the dangers of splatters, burns, spills, and kitchen fires. So, if anyone tries this, be careful. As far as the economics of this, it takes a bit of electricity (or gas, if thats what you use), but I cant imagine it would cost as much as the price of the oil involved, since oil and other staples are going up, up, up.

Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay Example

Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay In the text â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, an idea I think is worth learning about is class stratification.Class stratification describes when a society splits into separate classes; who have different access to resources and power.I think this idea is worth learning about because the expulsion of Mr Jones was meant to stop it, the seven commandments were explicitly against it and because Snowball would have stopped it from happening.Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian revolution and the plots and ideas present in this novel, are based on actual events.The authors purpose for making the divide between classes so conspicuous was to show unjust, and oppressive; Joseph Stalins leadership was. Firstly, class stratification is an idea worth learning about because the expulsion of Jones was meant to stop it.â€Å"Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free†.This is a quote from Old Major’s speech, the speech that inspired the animals to revolt against Mr Jones. On the pre expulsion farm, Man was a class with overruling power (With Mr Jones representing the Tsar royal family who ruled at the time) and abundant resources, while the animals were another class; with zero power that had the resources they produced, taken away.The author, put an emphasis on how the animals thought the revolution would turn their society into one free of divided classes, he did this because it put even more emphasis on how wrong the animals were. I think this shows that in life, considering multiple outcome of a situation before deciding whether to dive in or not, is the best way to avoid disappointment when said situation turns sour. We will write a custom essay sample on Class Stratification in Animal Farm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Class Stratification in Animal Farm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Class Stratification in Animal Farm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, class stratification is an idea worth learning about because the original seven commandments were explicitly against it.The seventh commandment was â€Å"All animals are equal†, this was later changed to â€Å"All anima

buy custom Jamaica essay

buy custom Jamaica essay Introduction This research is based in Jamaica and it analyzes the global problem of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination refers to the act of showing prejudice or an offensive behavior towards a person who belongs to another race. In Jamaica, racial discrimination occurs when the white community shows a high level of prejudice towards the black community or vice versa (Stone 212). The main motive of racially abusing someone is the fact that the varied characteristics that each race has gives good reason for their discrimination. Racial discrimination is an act that can be seen in various forms. When the whites show open hatred toward the black community or when the blacks show open hatred to the white community, it is considered to be racial discrimination. Similarly, racial discrimination is evident when there is massive exploitation of a particular race by another race; it can also take the form of mass murder of a particular race by another race. Hate crimes or terrorism attacks launched against a particular race by another race is also considered as a mode of racial discrimination. In addition, racial discrimination can also be in the form of giving hate speeches against the other race or contesting for racial supremacy (Stone 212). Background Jamaica is an independent country which is in the Caribbean Island. The country is regarded as one of the members of the British Commonwealth Countries. Jamaica is regarded as the third biggest island in the Caribbean. Out of the diverse population in Jamaica, the Afro-Jamaicans compose a greater number of the entire population. As per the results of the census conducted in 1991, the entire population had about 90.5 percent of blacks, 0.2 percent of whites, 1.3 percent of Indians and 0.3 percent of Chinese. People from minor descents accounted for 7.3 percent of the entire population (Miles 42). Jamaica gained independence in 1962 and the great diversity of the population culminated into the framing of the Jamaicas motto which says: Out of Many, One People. The motto is supposed to mean that even though the Jamaican people hailed from different ethnicities or races, all of them should live as one united big family. However, despite the assertions of the Jamaican motto, racism has quickly crept into the nation. The white community, despite their small number, has increasingly become more racially superior over the blacks. This is considered as the biggest contribution to the modern day racial discrimination between the black and the white communities in Jamaica. The picture below shows the map of Jamaica (Miles 42). The Global Problem When people are separated through social partitions into classes with the aim of differential treatments, it is considered to be racial discrimination. In Jamaica, for instance, racial discrimination is so much evident in the workplace. Many employers belong to the white community, thus, when it comes to offering employment positions, the whites are given an upper hand over the black community. Alternatively, in the workplace, which is mainly dominated by the whites, the black people do not stand a good chance in terms of competing for bigger positions in the organization or getting better pay (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 52). Similarly, in social institutions racial discrimination is very evident. For instance, in schools that are considered to belong to the white community, the black students do not receive a fair treatment and vice versa. Many teachers in these schools perceive the black students as criminal minded and thus they are blamed for all the bad happenings in the school. The policemen also portray a huge element of racial discrimination in case a black person is in the vicinity o a crime scene. Several of them have been arrested or suspected to have been involved in crime yet they are so innocent. In the hospitals, the white doctors are so reluctant to attend to the black patients; normally, they find a way of blaming the blacks for spreading the various contagious diseases (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 52). The Jamaican Motto signifies the varied cultures that come from the multi-racial population and forms the basis of identifying the nation. In as much as the motto emphasizes on harmony and unity among the people, the countrys image is still soiled by increased cases of racism or discrimination with regards to color of the skin. Jamaica is a country that has a huge history in terms of coming out of slavery, yet the act of racial discrimination still proves to be an act of modern day slavery (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 53). The wide gap between the rich white community and the impoverished black community has contributed in a huge way toward the existence of racial discrimination. Many whites employ the blacks as casuals or laborers in their farms. They perceive the blacks as well efficient in doing the dirty works which require less skills or training, thus, attracting a very meager remuneration. In the modern day Jamaica, a high number of the whites have recounted on how they have been treated preferentially in several social institutions, while at the same time, several blacks have recounted on how they have been treated harshly by their white counterparts in social places. These all happen because of the notion that the blacks are poor people and, thus, disadvantaged in the society. On account of this, the blacks have begun to fight back in order to prove their worth in the society. With the increasing cases of racial discrimination in Jamaica, the black people are the majorly affected. As a result, quite a number of them have resorted to actions such as bleaching their bodies so as to lighten their skin color. A majority of the blacks have succeeded in getting acceptance by the whites as a result of bleaching (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 53). The conflict between the dark skinned and the white skinned has proved to be a major global catastrophe. It has disentangled the unity of Jamaica due to the fact that the whites perceive the blacks as their enemies while at the same time, the blacks perceive the whites as their enemies and their main stumbling block to triumph. In consequence of this, the gap between the whites and the blacks has increasingly widened and in certain towns the whites and the blacks do not see each other eye to eye. Racial discrimination has also found its way in politics, whereby a potential candidate for a leadership position can fail to clinch the leadership position because of his or her racial orientation. For instance, a black candidate who is vying for a political position in a region mainly dominated by the whites can find it very hard to clinch that position especially if the opponent is white (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 53). Consequently, racial discrimination has also found its way into the religious field. The black people do not want to go to churches that are dominated by the white people and the white people are too reluctant to go to churches dominated by the blacks. This has caused the people to be divided along religious lines, thus, further fuelling additional tensions and pressures. Besides, racial discrimination is also evident in the field of sports whereby some games are set aside for the white community while other games are dominated by the black community. In games such as soccer, the blacks refuse to mix with their white counterparts, thus, the whites are highly prejudiced when it comes to getting a position in a soccer game. Actually, many sporting clubs are owned by the rich white people, and in many instances, the blacks find it very hard to gain membership in these clubs (Reilly, Kaufman, and Bodino 54). Solutions to the Global Problem Racial discrimination is a major vice in the society. Several measures have been put in place by various non-profit organizations with the aim of eliminating this vice. It is very beneficial when the racist activities are shut off completely so as to promote peaceful co-existence of the people in the society. Peace Corps is one of the non-profit organizations that preach peace and tranquility with the aim of eliminating racial discrimination. They hold the view that showing hatred toward somebody with regards to his or her racial origin is a sin and is contrary to Christian values. They further elaborate that every person should emulate Jesus Christ who never discriminated anybody and loved His enemies equally. Therefore, every person should change his or her heart so as to be friendly to the others; this aims at promoting peace and tranquility in the society. The Peace Corps, therefore, aim at fostering peace in the churches through preaching and conducting sermons with the belief t hat people will change their hearts (Peace Corps 2011). The United Nations, through UNICEF, have come up with a cause named International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The day is observed on 21st March of each year. On such a day, there are various events or activities aimed at creating awareness that racial discrimination is a backward behavior and should actually be a thing of the past. In addition, people are reminded to observe and stick to their role of abolishing anti-racial behaviors in the society. The events and the activities that take place on this day aim at encouraging the people, especially the young ones to speak out in one voice, to battle racial discrimination, and to promote peaceful and friendly co-existence among the diverse population. Various United Nations leaders all over the world also speak out on this day and their messages is also aimed at promoting peace and harmonious existence by the members of the society (United Nations 2010). The World Bank has also contributed towards eliminating racial discrimination through funding various causes that aim at eliminating the vice. In Jamaica, the various movements that are spearheaded by non-governmental organizations so as to fight racism have been funded by the World Bank Group. The top management of the World Bank have also aired their voice against the rising cases of racism and called upon the various leaders to take the step to organize programs or activities that enhance peaceful co-existence among the diverse members of the society. A person should not, therefore, be looked down upon on the basis of his or her racial origin. According to Ashoka, the previous emperor of India, racial discrimination is regarded as a social evil and should be eliminated at all cost. Ashoka played a vital role in fostering unity among the people through his religion as a Buddhist. He developed several doctrines that were practiced by his followers regardless of their race. His teachings concerning racial discrimination pertained to how the vice could lead to war if it was left unattended to, thus, the fight against racial discrimination starts with every single individual. It is upon the individual to realize the magnitude of the problem and come up with quick solutions to counter it. No individual should look down upon the other because of his or her racial orientation (Krause and Knight 63). Conclusion Racial discrimination contributes to the moral decay of the society. When it is allowed to persist, much hostility and tension could arise among the warring members of the society. It is very beneficial to exist peacefully with all the members of the society regardless of their race. Various non-profit institutions have spearheaded programs in Jamaica to combat racial discrimination as a result of the urgency of the matter. Buy custom Jamaica essay

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Project management - Essay Example In addition, the paper will also evaluate current issues prevailing in project management and real instances in order to assess role of stakeholders in management of different types of projects. Project stakeholders are a group of individuals who has positive or negative interest in a project, which in turn affect functionality of the project. In general, interests and attitudes of individuals can be dissimilar towards a project. In any project, the primary stakeholders include: Since different stakeholders have separate set of interest in a project, their influence differs across various groups or individuals. However, every stakeholder is important for a project and one should understand their level of interest in the project as this affects success or failure. Moreover, it is the stakeholders who judge performance of a project, instead of project team and manager (Kerzner, 2013). Considering the role of stakeholders, it is crucial that their priorities, need, influence and interest are thoroughly analysed. The analysis results in better understanding of important stakeholders and development of appropriate communication strategy for stakeholder management. One of the important tools is stakeholder mapping, where key stakeholders are identified and categorised as per their interest and influence (Newcombe, 2003). A decade ago, stakeholder management was an area, which drew least amount of attention and was hardly considered in any sort of project development. Yet, growing complexity in the project management area has resulted in consideration of stakeholders as critical element of projects. There are internal as well as external stakeholders and they differ on grounds of project scope, geographical location and external environment of the project. It is a difficult task to manage the stakeholders and requires continuous involvement of project members such as, managers, for continuous improvement in relationship and building mutual trust (Pan, 2005). An

Building Successful Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Building Successful Relationships - Essay Example What could probably be one of the most important relationships in a person’s life would be with a loved one who will reciprocate the love given. However, it should be noted that relationships do not just grow like weeds in the garden but are like flowers that have to be intentionally grown, needing love and care. Personally, I have learned important matters that need to be considered in having a relationship to make it beneficial to the parties involved. I once had a relationship in my earlier years that helped me realize my mistakes and that is helping and guiding me in the relationship that I currently have. Just a few years ago, I struggled in a relationship that I had with a girl that I met in school. She is pretty, cheerful and fun to be with and I liked her for being so loving and caring. She always wanted us to be together, spending time with each other and talking about anything only to pass the time together. However, being the outgoing person that I am, I always found it difficult to find time for her and this made her complain about my attitude. She said that I was to being inconsiderate of her need to be with me and our relationship to be nurtured. She doubted my feelings toward her because I seemed to be more indulged with my friends than with her. Although I tried to explain th at my shortcomings are not the measure of my love for her, I somehow failed to make it appear so to her and, we ended breaking up. The break up was difficult for me. I guess I really loved her so much that I was greatly affected when we had to part ways. I struggled emotionally and psychologically. There were times that I could not sleep well thinking of her. I tried to make things straight with my former girlfriend, asking for another chance for me to become a better partner to her, telling her that I have already learned my lessons. Nevertheless, that is perhaps the extent of understanding that she could give me. She asked me to stop wasting my time going after her. It took me time to finally overcome the grief I felt before I finally bounced back to normalizing my activities and making new friends. I could say that my current relationship is going smoothly because I have learned a lot from my mistakes from my past relationship. It is not that my relationship with my present girlf riend is perfect but at least, we are able to work out our differences and make our relationship work. I found out that truly, a relationship should be nurtured to make it grow. When I first had a relationship, communication was open and regular during the first few months but then, I stopped getting in touch with my former girlfriend on a regular basis because I thought I was already familiar with her and was very sure I knew her very well then. Now, I maintain communicating with my friend to avoid similar problems I had in the past. Whenever we are not able to see each other during the day, I always make it a point to call my girlfriend and ask how she is and how she spent her time. I think this makes our bond stronger because she sees that I am making efforts to show how concerned I am about her. Moreover, whenever I tell her how I spent my day, she stops worrying about me and understands how I spend my time so that whenever I am not able to make it for our dates or other planned activities together, she tries to be considerate and understands

Power in Business Negotiations

Power in Business Negotiations Introduction Power in negotiations process has been regarded as one of the elements that contributes to, and influence the outcome of the negotiation. It is through this factor that multinational corporations and large organizations use power to get what they want in a negotiation process. This is achieved through the availability of resources and information at their disposal. Another factor is the use BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement), how best negotiating parties use their BATNA the result will be winning in a negotiation process. This essay seeks to discuss how power can disadvantage the underdog in the negotiation process. The discussion will first start by defining negotiation, its characteristics and types of negotiations. Then Power and its sources. I will further on with samples from case studies discuss how power disadvantage the underdog, followed by the theoretical perspectives. Last but not least the recommendations and the conclusion. Negotiation French (2008) defines negotiation as a process of making joint decisions when the parties involved have different preferences. On daily activities people are involved in negotiation process, it is worth noting that, because of the different preferences people have; they engaged in a negotiation process in every communication that takes place. In that, negotiation can be considered as a way of finding the best solution with others or coming to agreement in the process of decision making. This is supported by Furnham (2005) who is of the view that negotiation is one aspect of decision making which according to him it is always overlooked. Negotiation takes place before, during and after decision making. We acknowledge that where more people engage in negotiation the more disagreements are likely to arise over diverse matters on our daily activities. Salamon (2000) contend that negotiation applies to a particular process of dialogue between different people to resolve their differences so as to reach an agreement. Brett (2007) states that negotiation is process by which people with conflicting interests determine how they are going to allocate resource or work together in the future. People lead negotiations to discuss different aspects of matters of life affecting them, in that way negotiation come in different forms and in different situations, and the solutions to these situations are different, therefore the strategies must be different too. The scholars shows that negotiation is a dynamic process of which two parties with different objectives will confer together to reach an agreement to reach common goal. The characteristics of negotiation, which are common in different situations. With reference to http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/subpages/training_courses/Negotiation%20Skills7/Chapter1.htm#1_1 are as follow; There are two or more parties   There is a conflict of interest between two or more parties   The parties negotiate because they think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal that way than by simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them or let them have. The parties, at least for the moment, prefer to search for agreement rather than to fight openly, have one side capitulate, permanently break off contact, or take their dispute to a higher authority to resolve it. When we negotiate, we expect give and take.   Successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles as well as the resolving of tangibles Types of Negotiation According to Lewicki and Hiam (1999), they state that there are five legitimate negotiation strategies, which are as follow; Competitive (win-lose) this is a strategy where the outcome is important but the relationship is not. It is a win-lose strategy used. Competitive is used if one wants to win at all costs and the negotiator has no concern about the future relationship. With regard to big companies using power to manipulate, their way in getting what they want in negotiations, this strategy will work well. As the intentions of these big corporations is to win in any given situation, and relationship seems as if not important in their thinking. In this strategy the big companies uses coercive and hostile tactics to win. Confrontational and emotional deploy are used in driving the negotiations to their advantage. For example, during elections ruling party and opposing parties attacks each other in negotiating with people of their constituencies to convince them to vote for them. Collaborative (win-win) outcomes and relationships are both important, negotiators therefore attempts at all time to maximize their outcome on the other hand preserving the relationship. The end results are that both parties find a solution to their needs. Compromising (split the difference) both outcomes and relationship are somewhat important hence the need to take each others needs into consideration. This strategy if often used when collaboration cannot be met. Avoiding (lose-lose) in this strategy either outcome or relationship are of importance. Negotiator withdraws from active negotiation. Accommodating (lose-win) the outcome is not important rather the relationship. The negotiator is more concern with keeping a good relationship with another party than achieving good results. Power Salacuse (2000) contend that Power is an intensely practical subject for all international negotiators, who by their very missions are intensely practical persons. With relation to the question at hand, It is important to have an over view of the concept of power and how does it disadvantage the underdog in the negotiation process and benefit those who have power. (French, Rayner, Rees Rumbles, 2008) are of the view that power is the ability to get someone else to do something you want done, or the ability to make things happen or get things done in the way you want. Looking at the point in the question at hand, that Multinational Corporation and other big organizations use power to get what they want in negotiations, it therefore, shows that power can indeed disadvantage the underdog in the negotiation process. That is one party is disadvantaged where the other holds formal power, there is that relative power positions in negotiations. With this regard one can argue that the big or ganizations have the ability to move decisions in their desired way. This point is supported by (Wolfe McGinn 2005) who argues that imbalances in power are evident in most relationships whether at inter-organizational level or at international level. They are of the view that the power imbalances stems from asymmetry in dependence between parties. Sources of Power Information sources of power / Expert Power Having knowledge/Information that will influence the outcome of the negotiation, therefore planning and research increases information. Power based on position Legitimate power and resource control power are based on the position ones holds. With reference to the argument of how power can disadvantage the underdog, resources are essential tool in negotiations; therefore, if one party has control of that, then this will disadvantage another party. Power based on personality and individual differences (Lewicki, Barry Saunders 2010) contend that individuals have different psychological orientations to social situations. Personal, cognitive, motivational and skills, enables one to have power. Contextual sources of power. This refers to the fact that power is based on the context, situation or environment in which negotiation takes place. If one party is negotiating within its environment that can boost power. According to Wolfe McGinn (2005) they are of the view that power imbalances are there in all levels of relationships at international level, inter-organizational or inter-personal levels. The author argues that relational theories of power vary with regard to whose perspective is considered the target of influence, the influencing agent or both parties. Scholars hint that theories of power examine the power relationship from the perspective of target of influence. This then lead us to the fact that for one to know exactly how much power he/she has, will evaluate that during the negotiations, in that way one will be able to assess the other party at the negotiation table who are at that time the focal point of comparison. Assessing ones power accurately serves a critical social function and awareness of the distinctions from and similarities with a counterpart (Gill and Swann 2004). This is derived from subjective cost benefit analysis derived from Social exchange theory rooted from economics, psychology and sociology. How Power can Disadvantage the underdog in the negotiation Process Having discussed on the concepts of negotiation and power, I will now show how power can disadvantage the underdog in a negotiation process. As it is already mentioned in the discussion regarding power factor in the negotiation process, it is imperative to argue that power influence in decision making between parties involved in the negotiation process. (Bacharch Lawler 1981) contend that, Power is the central determining factor in negotiation. (Lewicki Hiam 1999), they are of the view that, the key source of power in negotiation is information. That is, the planning for the negotiation is based on the knowledge that you have about your objectives and that of another party, with that then you will be informed enough to refute their position or support. The information must be accurate in that as a negotiator you will have more power. The other point is that of expertise, and good communication skills and resources. For example, the case study of the Conoco oils company and the indi genous people of Ecuador. This is a typical example that when a big company like Conoco had information and the resource, the company managed to manipulate and convince the government of Ecuador, that the project of drilling oil will benefit the people, hence there were some other negative consequences, which were going to affect the indigenous people. In this scenario the underdog were the indigenous people of Ecuador whose lives were going to be impacted on negatively. Power asymmetry between a stronger and weaker party. Structural analysis argues that the strongest will always win. Multinational companies have branches in many countries, for example KFC, Ford. The advantage of having these especially in developing countries is that they bring in wealth and jobs, thus increasing the Gross National Product (GNP) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. However there are some problems in the sense that the jobs are often low-skilled or less paid, much of the profit made goes outside the country. The companies may also pull out if the economy of the country goes down, for example in Zimbabwe. In Botswana Hyundai pull out to set its plant in South Africa one of the reason of relocating was that Botswana has a problem of small market. The companies are interested in making profits. Therefore, these big companies hold power in the sense that they have the resources, money in its varieties is a powerful tool in negotiation. As highlighted most of these multinational companies as they come to developing countries in their journey to make profits, they turn to use and abuse the lay people who are so desperate to make ends meet in trying to fight poverty. For example in Botswana, the Chinese building construction companies most of them win tenders from government and other organizations, but they do not produce good projects which lasts, because after they have won tenders, some of the services they out source to local companies but at a lower price and pay lower wages to its employees which are locals. Whilst they gain more profit the weaker partner suffers. The stronger side gains its power from the magnitude and diversity of its resources. Wolfe McGinn (2005) comment that, in an asymmetric relationship, in which the power balance between the parties is unequal, the relatively high-power party is likely to have his or her interests addressed during a negotiation, while the interests of the lower-power party may be ignored. The relative power is seen in a case in South Africa where drug companies use their muscles over the poor. Glaxco SmithKline, Merck, Pfizer and Eli Lilly the big four, and there are others in Europe and the U.S. almost as big wield such enormous financial and political clout. It is a cartel and like all cartels they want monopoly power it is a basic economic tenet that monopolies lead to higher prices which is why many governments try to break them up. McCullum (2010). In this case the big four pharmacies do not like the idea of cheap drugs for diseases like HIV/AIDS to be imported, the attempt of the case is to block the government from importing cheap generic medicines from developing countries like Thailand. As they are more concerned with their profit making not with the fact that poor people are dying because they cannot afford expensive drugs. The case is supposed to take place in Pretoria. (The big four and 42 pharmacies against the government of South Africa). Back at the British, Swiss, American and German headquarters of the Big Four they claim patent protection for a minimum of 20 years on their intellectual property which means no generic manufacture. The argument they make is that poorer countries cannot afford even cheap medicine, and they donate the drug to them. In this we see manipulation tactics used in this negotiation process. A competitive approach is used. The companies are more concerned with their win over the negotiation. It is reported that companies have spent three years and millions of American dollars preparing their case. However, one can see that in broader prospect the interest does not lie with the poor people but the big four to enrich them selves, it should be observed that these companies are from developed countries as mentioned. The case is still ongoing. Another case study is that of ASDA(Asquith and Dairies) it is a British retail chain store, founded in 1965. It became a subsidiary of American chain store Walmart in 1999. ASDA is the second largest store in the UK, its marketing strategy has always been based solely on low price. It has been reported that ASDAs parent Walmart has made bid to South African retail group Massmart. It has put in a non-binding proposal. However a memo has been leaked out that, the document lays out how to structure a meeting with suppliers, Use this opportunity to take control and set the agenda. Open outrageously (include plenty of fat). The bigger the opening figure, the bigger the settlement figure. Buyers should have prepared three concessions that cost Asda nothing but will assist their trading position. Only concede if you have to. Be tactful, but be firm. A threat is only a threat if it is followed through. Remember always that we are negotiating on behalf of our customers! Asda issued the document to buyers last year and the strategies used by major supermarkets have come under greater scrutiny. This case study shows how the giant tore like ASDA is starting to manipulate their way into the Africa market, their tactics in negotiations reflect the kind of negotiation strategy they are using, which in this scenario is the Competitive strategy (win-lose). Another factor that is over looked by Asda is the morals and ethics in the business. The misrepresentation to opponents network and they are more focused on their power motive over the suppliers in South Africa. As indicated ASDAs mandate is based on low prices, therefore they will negotiate with suppliers to bring the suppliers to sell at a more lower prices so that ASDA at its end product will make more profit. Therefore, the underdogsin this case are the suppliers- who are expected to sell at a lower price to ASDA, hence their profit making will be lower. The consumers are also going to buy the products at a higher price which will be costly. Contradiction to the ASDAs mission of selling at a lower price. Theoretical Perspective Competitive positional negotiation/Distributive theory. In this theory the focus is on positions that conflicting parties declare. http://internetmediator.com comments that competitive negotiation strategy is, essentially, a manipulative approach designed to intimidate the other party to lose confidence in their own case and to accept the competitors demands. This happens in desperate situations like in cases where companies exploit the ordinary people by paying them lower wages. Competition experienced here is for limited resources. In this theory, power is the central argument, the resent strike of the University of Botswana staff unions over salaries is a typical example of this practice. Because of the limited resources that is the 30 million that was in debate to be shared amongst the staff in general. According to the reports made the two university staff unions formed an alliance and entered into negotiations with the management regarding the salary increment. The two parties did not agree with what the consultants report proposed, though the management agreed with it. However, the negotiations came to stall, and the unions withdrew from negotiations and went on strike. The management used their cohesive power and threats by a no work no pay notion The assumption of the competitive theory is that negotiation is the division of the limited resources, when one side gains the other side loss. High opening demands are made and concede slowly. This is done in such a way that the organizations, which have, power gains more than the other does. Game theory can also be used to elaborate on the concept of power and negotiation. Corvette (2007:185) contend that game theory is useful in understanding how to develop successful strategies, and the process is like a game in that there is some competition going on. With regard to power disadvantaging the underdog, in relation to the theory; this can be seen as a game as the theory dominate the empirical negotiation predicting bargaining outcomes on negotiators utilities. Multinational corporations and other big organizations use all the utilities and in most instances they are able to predict the outcome that weaker parties will surrender to the outcome of the negotiation. Summary In summary the question that can be posed is as negotiators how do we make the playing-field level? This playing field, we refer to the negotiation process that we found ourselves or encounter on daily basis. And how do we ensure that all parties regard the process as legitimate? For the process to be regarded as legitimate the issue of ethics should be taken in to serious condition. As power in negotiation process disadvantage the underdog, it is important to highlight on the issue of ethics in negotiations and its importance in its contribution in stabilizing the relationship between parties. It is of importance to acknowledge the fact that collaboration between negotiation parties is important so as to maintain a relationship after negotiations. Furthermore to note that the issue at hand is not in the power balance but in the situation at the negotiation table Another recommendation is that multinational corporation and big organizations be able to consider and approach negotiation processes on win-win approach, so as to maintain good relationship after negotiation. Taking an example of ASDA/Wal-Mart and suppliers in South Africa. It is important for the corporation to consider their negotiation strategy and focus on maintaining relationship with suppliers, so as the intended goal of providing business in Africa can blossom hence improve the economy. For small organization, groups or individuals it will be advantageous for them to form alliances to be able to counterpart the big companies, when it come to negotiations, for example the case study of Conoco oil drilling company. For indigenous people to succeed in stopping the oil drill, the human rights groups and other various international environmental movements formed an alliance and opposed the plan. Salacuse (200) support this statement by commenting that the most effective way for a weaker party to increase its power at the negotiation table is to build supportive relationships with strong third parties who are not at the table. A third party in most cases is the one who has influence over your adversary in the negotiation. The other factor is to use power of competition to leverage power (Lewicki 2010). In the negotiation context a means can be made to distribute power by diffusing that one of big organizations so that negotiation environment can be conducive and accommoda tive hence use of good tactics can be well practiced to achieve positive negotiation outcomes. Conclusion Power is regarded as a tool in negotiation process to be used to disadvantage the underdog. This is highlighted in the definition of both negotiation and power. The case study have been used to outline how the power is indeed used by multinational corporations and big companies in getting what they want in the negotiation process. It is important to note that the weaker party can be generally stronger than first assumed by the stronger partner, taking for example the Conoco case study that though this is a big organization, the smaller human right groups managed to stop the project. This demonstrates that the weaker party has devices and tactics at its command to augment its power and that the stronger party usually does not fully understand or appreciate the potential power of the underdog. The alliances strengthen their BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) to their opponent; small companies can find other means to diffuse the power of big organization in the negotiati ons. It is therefore imperative for the big organization to take this into consideration and know that they can be outwitted in their game regardless of the resources they have. The recommendation views out the issue of ethics, that by using power the underdog should not be abused or cheated in the negotiation process, therefore collaborative can be used to address the issue of resources to benefit all parties.

Arthur Kornberg: A Nobel Laureate

Arthur Kornberg was born on March 3, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated in Abraham Lincoln High School and continued his education at the City College of New York. This was where he first received his scientific training as he graduated with a degree in science in 1937. He received his medical degree in 1941 from the University of Rochester and proceeded with his internship in internal medicine. He then served in the U.S. Public Health Service as a commissioned officer where his first assignment was to be doctor in the Navy, serving as a ship’s doctor. Fortunately, he was given the opportunity to continue his research work as a scientist at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He served at the NIH from 1942 to 1953. This is where he decided to direct his research to mainly concentrate with enzymes. Dr. Kornberg received further studies and training in enzymology. In New York University School of Medicine, he trained with Professor Severo Ochoa in 1946. A year later, he pursued enzymology with Professor Carl Cori at the Washington University School of Medicine. He later returned to service at the NIH and became the organizer and director of the Institute’s Enzyme Section. He later received an offer as the chairman of the Department of Microbiology of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri prompting him to resign his position of Medical Director in Bethesda. He later transferred to Standford University School of Medicine in 1959. This is where he organized a Department of Biochemistry and served as the chairman until 1969. After his term, he served as a professor and in 1988 he accepted the title Professor Emeritus (Kornberg 2005, & Kumin 2005). Dr. Kornberg devoted most of his studies isolating and purifying enzymes significant in cellular machinery. Until the first half of the 20th century, questions on enzymatic function and their cellular specificity were left unanswered. This became Dr. Kornberg’s primary area  of interest. In 1941, Beadle and Tatum from Standford demonstrated that through chemical functions, genes control life processes. Immediately after this discovery, Oswald Avery and his team from the Rockefellar Institute asserted that DNA drives this process instead of proteins, which was the primary assumption of the scientific community. Later, the famous James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the first detailed model of the DNA, demonstrating its structure as the well-known double helix (McCook 2007 and Telegraph.co.uk 2007). The primary subject of Kornberg’s research was due to his interest in discovery enzymatic mechanisms and functions. Together with Dr. Severo Ochoa, he discovered the ezyme Polymerase I which is the primary catalyst of DNA synthesis. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 for their elucidation of the basic DNA replication mechanisms (Kumin 2007 and McCook 2007). This success of Kornberg in producing a chemically exact and inert genetic material called the DNA is a milestone in the field of biochemistry. It is an important leap towards the understanding of the material that compose the genes. This is important in the issues and questions on inheritance and transmission of traits (Telegraph.co.uk 2007). Kornberg and Ochoa both specialized on the field of protein biochemistry. But this breakthrough discovery was actually concerned mainly on the field of molecular genetics. His primary technique was to isolate enzymes in a chemist’s lab and comprehending them biologically. This is a very significant approach in understanding of cellular molecular biology. In 1967, Kornberg successfully synthesized the first active virus within a lab. It was identified as PhiX174, a biologically active virus synthesized by a biochemist (Kumin 2007 and Altman 2007). After his extensive research on enzymatic synthesis of coenzymes and inorganic pyrophosphate, his interest led him to the study of the biosynthesis of nucleic acids,  particularly DNA. He demonstrated the pathways of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide synthesis, elaborating with the mechanisms and detailed steps on the process. Here, he found that there is an intermediate PRPP to the enzyme concerned in the assemblage of building blocks into DNA.   It was named as DNA polymerase. This particular enzyme is found in almost all cellular systems that synthesize genetically precise DNA. This is very important in the processes of replication, repair and rearrangements of DNA. Further research identified enzymes responsible for DNA metabolism, allowing the initiation and elongation of DNA chains and chromosomes. This paved the way for the discovery of recombinant DNA, a breakthrough technology that ignited the biotechnological revolution (Kornberg, 2005). After decades in the research on DNA replication, he diverted his concentration to studies in inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) in 1991. Poly P is a phosphate polymer that was hypothesized to have participated in prebiotic evolution. This polymer is basically found in every bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It has been dismissed as simply a molecular fossil, Kornberg found that there are different functions for poly P including stress responses, motility, and virulence in some pathogens (Kornberg, 2005). Besides conducting research studies, he has other pursuits such as educating graduate, medical and postdoctoral students. He also authored several monographs such as â€Å"DNA Synthesis† in 1974, â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1980, â€Å"Supplement to DNA Replication† in 1982, and Second Edition of â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1992. He also published a scientific autobiography entitled â€Å"For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist† in 1989. Published by Univesity Science Books in July 1995, he released his book entitled â€Å"The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Venutre† which provided insights on the biotechnology from an expert (Kornberg, 2005). His academic career included his presidency of the American Society of Biological Chemistry in 1965. He also served as a president on advisory boards and councils of numerous universities, governmental, and industrial research facilities. He founded the  DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology that is a division of Schering-Plough, Inc. He also served as a member of its Policy and Scientific Advisory Boards. Futhermore, he served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Maxygen, and the Xoma Corp., and was also a member of the Board of Directors of XOMA Corporation (Kornberg 2005). Contributing further to his excellent curriculum vitae, he has received honors and gained memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, American Philosophical Society, and a number of honorary degrees such as the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959, the National Medal of Science in 1979, the Cosmos Club Award in 1995, and more. Arthur Kornberg died on March 26, 2007 due to respiratory complications (Kornberg, 2005 and Altman 2007). Undoubtedly, Kornberg’s contribution to the biotechnological society is unwavering. His research has paved the way for most of the scientific advances that the world is currently witnessing. His studies have proven indispensable in the understanding of human heredity, cellular mechanisms, and pyrophosphate functions. References Altman, Lawrence K. (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg, Biochemist, Dies at 89.† New York Times. Site last accessed December 12, 2007 from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/science/28kornberg.html?ex=1351224000&en=7d92a32eb1f6fba9&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Kornberg, Arthur (2005) â€Å"Autobiography: Arthur Kornberg.† Nobelprize.org. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/kornberg-bio.html Kumin, Jochen (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg (1918- ). About Biotech. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Arthur_Kornberg.html McCook, Alison (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornber Dies.† TheScientist.com. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53796/ â€Å"Arthur Kornberg† (2007). Telegraph.co.uk. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/db2901.xml            

What Qualities Will You Ook for in Your Future Husband or Wife

I am still studying but pretty soon I will be earning a living and thinking of getting married. Most people marry for love but all too often marriages break up because they have chosen unsuitable partners. It is therefore important for me to choose my future husband carefully as I want my marriage to be happy and to last. I realise my own imperfections and know that any romantic notions of marrying Mr World is out. Besides, physical perfection is no guarantee for inner beauty and mental strength which are more essential. Of course, I want my husband to be good-looking but he must be gregarious, with a pleasant personality and an ability to mix with everyone easily. He must be well-educated, at least up to degree. He must also be caring and be able to think independently. Some women like a submissive husband but I would like mine to stand up for his own point of view if he feels I am wrong. This, I think, would make for more exciting interaction and a meaningful relationship. Nevertheless, there must be some common ground. I love reading and have a wry sense of humour that few Malaysians appreciate. I therefore want a husband who has a good sense of humour and enjoys a good book, too. What intellectual discussion we could have, dissecting the short stories of Guy de Maupassant or admiring the glory and grandeur of Tolkien’s Middle Earth. Read also: â€Å"My Ideal Wife†

Socrates Good or Bad Citizen - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1082 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category People Essay Tags: Socrates Essay Did you like this example? Before we ask whether Socrates was a good citizen, we must first ask what prerequisites grant a person this title. Those who say Socrates was not, in fact, a good citizen may say, â€Å"This man had no respect for the laws of the state, and therefore had no business in questioning its practices. He lived a life of solidarity, only entering the public sphere to prod and probe, to confuse the public mind that they may turn against the state. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Socrates Good or Bad Citizen" essay for you Create order Oh Socrates, he had no belief in our gods, for he was an atheist, and therefore had no right to question our morals. We know of his deeds for we had heard utterances of his misconduct. For if his mission was not to overthrow us, why then do his students refute us? We lived peacefully until this man came among us, questioning our virtues, challenging our gods, and disturbing the haze of ignorance bestowed upon our citizens.† It is to these men I ask, what makes a good citizen? We could say that a good citizen is one whom respects the laws of the state and follows them accordingly. If this is true, then Socrates is truly a just citizen. For it is he who offers himself up on trial, and it is he whom sacrifices his life even under an unjust ruling. The accusers of Socrates are adolescent in their manner, accusing him of such falsehoods only evident in the mouths of men. These men may say, â€Å"But it is he whom questions the state! Socrates, the unwashed hermit, he claims we have no knowledge and he wishes to destroy us† I ask to them then, â€Å"What law is broken when one questions the actions of another?† If we are not allowed to examine the flaws of our government, how may we then improve upon it? Socrates recognizes his position under the state and humbles himself accordingly. â€Å"Well, then, since you were brought into the world and raised and educated by us, how, in the first place, can you deny that you are our child and our slave, a s your fathers were before you?† Socrates, acting as the state, poses this question in Crito to prove that he may not escape his judgment, for it is justly given by the laws of Athens and there is no justice in requiting evil with evil. We know this to be truly right and just, coinciding with the Fourth Commandment; Honor your father and your mother. How then could one say Socrates has no respect for the law? They may say, â€Å"He lived privately, away from the public. Who is he to judge, who hath no experience in civic life?† I would ask them to consider the willingness of Socrates to serve and die for the state, in accordance with their laws. Socrates’ military service shows not only his willingness to put his life on the line for the country he so loved, but also his respect for the laws which required him to engage in battle. After their victory at Potidaea in 432, the army was ambushed during their return to Athens. Socrates defended his own life, and that of his brother in arms, Alcibiades, who, later in his life, became one of Athens’ leading strategists and politicians. Plato himself wrote, â€Å"When you behave in war as he did, then (the enemy) do not even touch you; instead they pursue those who turn in headlong fight. Laches, an Athenian general said, â€Å"If all the Athenians had fought as br avely as Socrates, the Boeotians would have erected no statues.† Socrates was strong in mind and in body, proving himself to be a worthy citizen of Athens militarily and philosophically. Socrates also made an appearance on the senate during the trial of six military generals after the Battle of Arginusae. Two generals had fled from the battlefield and returned to Athens prior to those whom were tried. Instead of feeling relief for the great victory they had won, the pubic was plagued with anger by the slander of said generals. They were tried for not recovering the bodies of their fallen comrades after the battle. Though the generals were able to persuade the public that it was in fact a storm that prevented them from their duty, washing away the bodies of their men, the emotions of the Athenians were riled up once again during a festival which took place the next day. The Athenians pleaded for the execution of these generals, despite the illegality of their methods. Socrates refused them under threats of death. He feared not death, but that he may do something unrighteous or unholy. Once more, he proves his adherence and respect of the law by resisting a tyrannical government when given unlawful orders to participate in the arrest and execution of Leon of Salamis. Socrates’ accusers claimed him an atheist, while also accusing him of corrupting the youth with teachings of other spiritual agencies other than the state recognizes. Is not this alone proof alone of the accuser’s ignorance? Socrates himself took to heart the words of the Delphic oracle, â€Å"There is no man wiser than Socrates.† Socrates’ wisdom, he claimed, came from God alone, for only He is wise. â€Å"and by his answer he intends to show that the wisdom of men is worth little or nothing; he is not speaking of Socrates, He is only using my name by the way of illustration, as if he said, ‘He, O men, is the wisest, who, like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is in truth worth nothing.’† Socrates accepted that true wisdom does not come from man, and this directly challenges the Sophists idea of truth, â€Å"Man is the measure of all things†. We see then that these accusers were more concerned with the power they held, and not of the Truth that all men are held accountable. â€Å"Socrates’ unyielding determination to achieve absolute truth is in one sense a reaction to the Sophists’ â€Å"moral relativism.† Because the Sophists influence bled into the minds of most Athenians, Socrates was at a disadvantage during his trial. A lifetime of slander had plagued the philosopher and surely these lies factored into his judgement. Even still, he was condemned by only a slim margin. We cannot then, say that he was entirely wrong in his criticisms if he convinced nearly half of the assembly. Socrates holds firmly to his truths even after condemnation, remaining a truly righteous, just, and exemplary citizen of Athens.